[ 摘 要] 当今城市生活方式的机动化、静态化伴随着健康问题的凸显,城市规划急需响应居民公共健康的需求并引导积极的生活方式。研究选取上海市6 ~ 18 岁儿童及其家长为研究对象,通过网络问卷收集家长对儿童及自身健康的评价、户外活动、建成环境感知和个人属性等数据,采用Logistic 回归和线性回归方法,分析家长对建成环境的感知,以及家长对儿童及自身的健康评价与户外活动的关系。结果显示,人口密度、用地功能混合、交通量、街道连通性、距公园绿地的距离对于儿童和家长均会产生显著影响。
[ 关键词] 建成环境;健康自评;户外活动;儿童;家长;上海市
[ 文章编号]1006-0022(2019)16-0023-07 [ 中图分类号]TU984.189 [ 文献标识码]B
[ 引文格式] 翟宝昕,朱玮.上海建成环境对儿童及其家长户外活动和健康自评的影响[J].规划师,2019(16):23-29.
The Influence of Built Environment on Outdoor Activities and Health Self-assessment of Parents and Children,
Shanghai/Zhai Baoxin, Zhu Wei
[Abstract] The motorized lifestyle and emerging public health problems call for response in urban planning for a positive lifestyle.This paper chooses children of 6-18 years old and their parents who live in Shanghai as the research object and collected their health self-assessment, outdoor activities, built environment perception, and social-demographic data through internet questionnaires. Using logistic regression and linear regression, the paper analyzes the relationship between physical health assessment, outdoor activities and urban built environment for the children and the parents respectively. The result shows that the built environment has significant influence on children’s and parents’ health assessment and outdoor activities, but the effects are not consistent between the two groups. It is found that population density, mixed land, traffic volume, street connectivity, distance to parks all exert an influence.
[Keywords] Built environment, Self assessment of health, Outdoor activities, Children, Parents, Shanghai
0 引言
公共健康一直是现代城市规划的重要议题。当前城市快速发展导致城市生活方式的机动化、室内化和静态化,造成居民的户外身体活动( 以下简称“户外活动”)急剧减少[1] 并催生肥胖、心血管疾病和精神紊乱等慢性疾病[2]。《中国居民营养与慢性病状况报告(2015)》显示,近10 年我国居民慢性疾病问题凸显,其中成人超重率达30.1%,儿童超重率达9.6%,高血压患病率为25.2%,糖尿病患病率为9.7%,慢性非传染疾病贡献了86.6% 的居民死亡率。该报告指出户外活动的缺乏是导致慢性疾病的主要原因,我国仅有18.7% 的成人经常进行户外活动[3]。如何在城市规划中响应公共健康的需求并推行积极的生活方式,已然成为城市规划实践亟待解决的重大问题。城市建成环境作为居民日常生活的载体,对居民户外活动和健康具有最直接的影响,因此立足于建成环境的干预和改善视角,解决居民健康问题,是城市规划响应居民健康需求的重要举措。
近年来,我国城市规划学者开始关注公共健康问题,从最初通过城市社区环境设计促进人们开展户外活动,改善人们的健康状态[4],到现今从城市空间发展和布局的视角主动干预居民户外活动[5-7],研究的视角和手段均在不