住区开放与犯罪：国外情境下的实证评估与理论剖析

[摘　要]为科学客观地回答“封闭住宅小区开放后是否会增加犯罪”这一问题，对关于封闭住区与犯罪案件之间关系的国际实证性研究进行了分析与整理，并基于环境犯罪学理论，阐述了犯罪者与封闭住区之间的作用机制、住区安全感知误区及其形成原因、住区开放背景下的有效犯罪防控策略等内容。国际案例实证结果和环境犯罪理论剖析均表明，封闭住区并不能显著地降低犯罪被害率，即封闭住区内未必会更安全。对住区内居民异质性的忽略、对犯罪发生机理理解的欠缺，以及相关利益群体的诱导，导致“社区安全性”与“居民安全感”之间不匹配，从而产生“封闭住区能减少犯罪”的广泛误解。研究结果可为我国的城市规划建设管理工作提供科学的犯罪防控借鉴。
[关键词]封闭住区；开放；犯罪；国外情境；环境犯罪学；犯罪地理学
[文章编号]1006-0022(2017)08-0105-07　[中图分类号]TU984.11+9　[文献标识码]B
[引文格式]姜超，柳林，周素红，等．住区开放与犯罪：国外情境下的实证评估与理论剖析[J]．规划师，2017(8)：105-111．

Opening Gated Community & Crime: Empirical Evaluation And Theoretical Analysis In Foreign Context/Jiang Chao, Liu Lin, Zhou Suhong, Du Fangye
[Abstract] In order to respond this question “whether opening gated community will add crime”, the paper analyzes the foreign empirical study of gated community and crime, and bases on the criminal environment theory, expounds the active mechanism of crime and gated community, the perception misunderstanding about residential security and its causes, and the crime control strategy with the opening gated community policy. The research show that, gated communities do not reduce crime absolutely. The combination effect of ignorance of heterogeneous residents, unfamiliarity of crime distribution, and misguidance of relevant stakeholders causes the mismatch between “security sense” and “security level”, leading to the wide-spread misconception about security in gated communities. The research will provide some suggestion to China’s planning and management.
[Key words]  Gated community, Opening, Crime, Foreign context, Environmental criminology, Crime geography